A Biography of King John of England

King John was King of England from 1199 to 1216. He lost many of his family’s Angevin lands on the continent and was forced to concede numerous rights to his barons in the Magna Carta, which has led to John being considered a colossal failure. In later years many poor reputations have been rolled back by modern supporters, and while Johns financial management is now being reassessed, the anniversary of the Magna Carta saw almost every popular commentator criticize John for - at best - terrible leadership and at worst terrible oppression. While historians are more positive, this is not getting through. His missing gold appears in the national English newspapers every few years but is never found. Youth and Struggle for the Crown King John was the youngest son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine to survive childhood, being born in 1166. It appears that John was the favored son of Henry, and so the king tried to find him large lands to live from. One grant of several castles, given when John was first to be married (to an Italian heiress), provoked anger among his brothers and started a war between them. Henry II won, but John was given only a little land in the resulting settlement. John was betrothed in 1176 to Isabella, heir to the rich earldom of Gloucester. When John’s older brother Richard became heir to his fathers throne, Henry II wanted to promote Richard to inheriting England, Normandy, and Anjou, and give John Richard’s current holding of Aquitaine, but Richard refused to concede even this, and another round of family warfare followed. Henry turned down the Kingdom of Jerusalem for both himself and John (who begged to accept it), and then John was lined up for the command of Ireland. He visited but proved to be seriously indiscrete, developing a careless reputation and returning home a failure. When Richard rebelled again – Henry II was at the time refusing to recognize Richard as his heir – John supported him. The conflict broke Henry, and he died. When Richard became King Richard I of England in July 1189, John was made Count of Mortain, plus given other lands and a large income, as well as staying as Lord of Ireland and finally marrying Isabella. In return, John promised to stay out of England when Richard went on crusade, although their mother persuaded Richard to drop this clause. Richard then went, establishing a martial reputation that saw him considered a hero for generations; John, who stayed home, would end up achieving the precise opposite. Here, as with the Jerusalem episode, Johns life could have ended up very different. The man who Richard left in charge of England soon grew unpopular, and John set up what was almost a rival government. As war loomed between John and the official administration, Richard sent a new man back from the crusade to take charge and sort things out. John’s hopes of immediate control were dashed, but he still schemed for the throne, sometimes in conjunction with the King of France, who was continuing a long tradition of interference in their rival. When Richard was captured returning from the crusade, John signed a deal with the French and made a move for the crown of England itself, but failed. However, John was prepared to surrender notable parts of his brother’s lands to the French in return for their recognition, and this became known. Consequently, when Richard’s ransom was paid, and he returned in 1194, John was exiled and stripped of all possessions. Richard relented some in 1195, returning some lands, and totally in 1196 when John became the heir to the English throne. John as King In 1199 Richard died - while on a campaign, killed by a (un)lucky shot, before he could ruin his reputation - and John claimed the throne of England. He was accepted by Normandy, and his mother secured Aquitaine, but his claim to the rest was in trouble. He had to fight and negotiate, and he was challenged by his nephew Arthur. In concluding peace, Arthur kept Brittany (held from John), while John held his lands from the King of France, who was recognized as John’s overlord on the continent, in a manner greater than was ever forced out of John’s father. This would have a crucial impact later in the reign. However, historians who have cast a careful eye over John’s early reign have identified a crisis had already begun: many nobles distrusted John because of his previous actions and doubted whether he would treat them correctly. The marriage to Isabella of Gloucester was dissolved because of alleged consanguinity, and John looked for a new bride. He found one in the form of another Isabella, heiress to Angoulà ªme, and he married her as he tried to involve himself in the machinations of the Angoulà ªme and Lusignan family. Unfortunately, Isabella had been engaged to Hugh IX de Lusignan, and the result was a rebellion by Hugh and the involvement of French King Philip II. Had Hugh married Isabella, he would have commanded a powerful region and threatened John’s power in Aquitaine, so the break benefitted John. But, while marrying Isabella was a provocation to Hugh, John continued to snub and anger the man, pushing his rebellion. In his position as French King, Philip ordered John to his court (as he could any other noble who held lands from him), but John refused. Philip then revoked John’s lands, and a war began, but this was more a move to strengthen the French crown than any vote of faith in Hugh. John began by capturing a mass of the leading rebels who were sieging his mother but threw the advantage away. However, one of the prisoners, his nephew Arthur of Brittany, mysteriously died, leading most to conclude murder by John. By 1204 the French had taken Normandy - John’s barons undermined his war plans in 1205 – and by the start of 1206 they’d taken Anjou, Maine and chunks of Poitou as nobles deserted John all over the place. John was in danger of losing all the lands his predecessors had gained on the continent, although he managed small gains during 1206 to stabilize things. After being forced both to reside in England more permanently and to produce more money from his kingdom for war, John proceeded to develop and strengthen the royal administration. On the one hand, this provided the crown with more resources and strengthened royal power, on the other it upset nobles and made John, already a military failure, even more unpopular. John toured extensively within England, hearing many court cases in person: he had a great personal interest in, and a great ability for, the administration of his kingdom, although the goal was always more money for the crown. When the see of Canterbury became available in 1206, John’s nomination – John de Gray - was canceled by Pope Innocent III, who secured Stephen Langton for the position. John objected, citing traditional English rights, but in the following argument, Innocent excommunicated John. The latter now started draining the church of funds, raising a large sum he partly spent on a new navy – John has been called the founder of the English navy - before conceding that the pope would be a useful ally against the French and coming to an agreement in 1212. John then handed his kingdom over to the Pope, who bestowed it on John as a vassal for a thousand marks a year. While this might seem curious, it was really a cunning way to get Papal support against both France, and against the rebel barons of 1215. By the end of 1214, John had succeeded in mending his bridges with the top of the church, but his actions had alienated many further down and his lords. It also angered the mona stic chroniclers and writers historians have to use and may be one reason why so many of the modern histories have been so critical of King John, while the modern historians are increasingly peeling criticism away. Well, not all of them. Rebellion and Magna Carta While many lords of England had grown discontented with John, only a few had rebelled against him, despite widespread baronial discontent stretching back to before John took the throne. However, in 1214 John returned to France with an army and failed to do any damage except gain a truce, having once more been let down by vacillating barons and the failures of allies. When he returned a minority of barons took the chance to rebel and demand a charter of rights, and when they were able to take London in 1215, John was forced into negotiations as he looked for a solution. These talks took place at Runnymede, and on June 15, 1215, an agreement was made on the Articles of the Barons. Later known as Magna Carta, this became one of the pivotal documents in English, and to some extents western, history. In the short term, Magna Carta lasted just three months before the war between John and the rebels continued. Innocent III supported John, who struck back hard at the baron’s lands, but he rejected a chance to attack London and instead wasted the north. This allowed time for the rebels to appeal to Prince Louis of France, for him to gather an army, and for a successful landing to take place. As John retreated north again rather than fight Louis, he may have lost a portion of his treasury and definitely fell ill and died. This proved a blessing for England as the regency of John’s son Henry were able to reissue Magna Carta, thus splitting the rebels into two camps, and Louis was soon ejected. Legacy Until the revisionism of the twentieth century, John was rarely well regarded by writers and historians. He lost wars and land and is seen as the loser by giving the Magna Carta. But John had a keen, incisive mind, which he applied well to government. Unfortunately, this was negated by an insecurity about people who could challenge him, by his attempts to control barons through fear and debt rather than conciliation, through his lack of magnanimity and insults. It is difficult to be positive about a man who lost generations of royal expansion, which will always be clearly chartable. Maps can make for grim reading. But theres little that merits calling King John evil, as a British newspaper did.

Use of Emotional Intelligence to Communicate Effectively...

Communication is vital to many everyday activities, such as conversing with a loved one, discussing a situation with a co-worker, or giving a speech. Speakers do not always communicate as successfully as they believe they do, in fact, speakers have been found to systematically overestimate their communication effectiveness. Most of the time the senders and receivers communicate successfully, but there are times when the lines of communication breakdown. In a work environment the lines of communication must remain intact because if there are any misunderstandings these misunderstandings could result in a life or death situation. Using your emotional intelligence when communicating with co-workers will help break down the barriers in the†¦show more content†¦Your awareness of what you are feeling you can help you control your emotions. â€Å"Just because you have emotions does not mean you have to act upon them† (Hybels Weaver, 2007, p.159). You may need to remov e yourself from the situation for a while so you can regain your composure. Managing your emotions does not mean that you should not show emotions, but you should be able to control your emotions and not let your emotions control you (Hybels Weaver, 2007). Being able to manage your emotions will help you especially if you tend to fly off the handle when you hear something that upsets you. Things could be said that are unintentional and that could put up communication barriers between two people. Understanding and improving your EI also means you should motivate yourself by setting goals, whether at work or at home, and then take the necessary steps to achieve those goals. â€Å"Self-motivation requires resisting impulses† (Hybels Weaver, 2007, p. 157). The ability to resist impulses will help you concentrate on the steps to achieve your goal. Once the goal is achieved the effects on your motivation are positive. By having this positive attitude a person with high motivation will have an easier time bouncing back from a negative situation. Having a positive attitude can also help you see how others are feeling. Recognizing the emotions in others is essential to human relationships (Hybels Weaver, 2007). The communication between two or more peopleShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Interpersonal Intelligence1478 Words   |  6 Pagessituations regarding emotional intelligence. More specifically, the emotional intelligence faced between the employee an d employer relationship. Emotional intelligence can be best defined as the ability to control and express one s emotions in a professional manner. In other words, emotional intelligence is the ability to communicate one s emotions in a manner that is both professional and productive. 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Jean Watson’s Caring Theory Sample Essay Example For Students

Jean Watson’s Caring Theory Sample Essay Jean Watson is a Nursing Theorist Born in West Virgina. she received her nursing grade. every bit good as her Ph.d. from the University of Colorado. Watson has completed most of her work in human lovingness and loss. Harmonizing to â€Å"Nursing Theories† ( 2012 ) . â€Å"In 1988. her theory was published in â€Å"nursing human scientific discipline and human care† . † Watson began her work on the lovingness theory and the 10 carative factors between 1975-1979. this was the start of the model for the scientific discipline and pattern of nursing. She began working on this theory while learning at the University of Colorado. Harmonizing to â€Å"College Of Nursing University Of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus† ( 2012 ) . Watson states her logical thinking for working on the lovingness theory. â€Å"It was my initial effort to convey significance and focal point to nursing as an emerging subject and distinguishable wellness profession with its ain alone val ues. cognition and patterns. with its ain ethic and mission to society. The work besides was influenced by my engagement with an incorporate academic nursing course of study and attempts to happen common significance and order to nursing that transcended scenes. populations. forte. subspecialty countries. and so forth. † Alligood ( 2010 ) stated the 10 carative factors are as follows: â€Å" The formation of a humanistic selfless system of values. instillment of faith-hope. cultivation of sensitiveness to one’s ego and to others. development of a helping-trusting relationship. publicity and credence of the look of positive and negative feelings. systematic usage of the scientific job work outing method for determination devising. publicity of interpersonal instruction acquisition. proviso for a supportive. protective. and disciplinary mental. physical. sociocultural. and religious environment. aid with the satisfaction of human demands and the allowance of experiential phenomenological forces. † These factors have laid down the foundation and basic model for nursing and the hereafter of nursing pattern. In order to understand nursing and the pattern of nursing in relation to Watson’s theory. Watson’s definitions of individual. wellness. nursing and environment must be unde rstood. Watson defines individual as a valued being to be understood. respected. nurtured. loved. cared for. and assisted ( â€Å"Nursing Theories† . 2012 ) . Harmonizing to Alligood ( 2010 ) . Watson viewed a individual holistically ; with the organic structure. head. psyche being combined into a whole. but the whole is seen as greater and or different so the separate parts. Alligood ( 2010 ) stated. â€Å"Watson defined wellness as a subjective experience and a procedure of accommodating. get bying. and turning throughout life that is associated with the grade of congruity between ego as perceived and self every bit experienced. † Watson has worked on the definition of wellness for WHO and she listed three elements to add to their definition of wellness. The three elements she listed are ; deficiency of unwellness. an adaptative and keeping degree of day-to-day operation. and a high degree of physical. mental and societal operation. Harmonizing to â€Å"Nursing Theories† ( 2012 ) . â€Å"Watson defines nursing as â€Å"a human scientific discipline of individuals and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by p rofessional. personal. scientific. esthetic and ethical human transactions† . † She saw nursing as being concerned with forestalling unwellness. wellness publicity. and acquiring back to wellness from being ill. Last construct necessitating to be defined is environment. Environment is the world that surrounds an single. such as emotions. sounds. sights. odors. illuming. people. etc. Watson felt as though the environment had a great consequence on the mending procedure of a patient. In Watson’s work she discussed what is known as the lovingness minute. this is a relationship between patient and nurse. Harmonizing to â€Å"College Of Nursing University Of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus† ( 2012 ) . â€Å"A caring minute involves an action and pick by both the nurse and the other. The minute of coming together presents them with the chance to make up ones mind how to be in the minute and in the relationship every bit where as what to make with and during the minute. † My Move to America Essay PaperInstillation of hope was utilized when the nurse stated she would come back to read to the patient. the patient was able to understand what the nurse said and trusted/hoped the nurse would maintain her word and come back. The nurse utilised cultivation of sensitiveness to one’s ego and to others by recognizing that the narrative was of import to the patient and kept her word to read to the patient. The nurse and the patient applied the publicity of interpersonal instruction and acquisition when the patient was assisting the nurse complete her appraisal. administrating medicines and supplying the attention the patient needed. the nurse did this by explicating what she was making and why she was making it to the patient while she was working. Finally we come to the last factor used ; the publicity for a supportive. protective. and disciplinary mental. physical. sociocultural and religious environment ; the nurse applied this by seeking to do the e nvironment and the modus operandi used for the displacement as close to the place regimen as possible. by doing the environment and modus operandi every bit homely as possible the patient heals faster and has a opportunity of a greater result in the long tally. Jean Watson has had many achievements in life one of which being the theory discussed supra. Watson believes that you can non pattern nursing without holding some attention for those you care for. Watson’s theory has laid out the basic stepping rocks in nursing and the manner a patient should be treated. Watson’s theory will everlastingly be one of the major theories in nursing that has paved the manner for the hereafter of nursing and for future nurses. I would urge that of all time nurse gets familiar with Watson’s work every bit good as the other nursing theoreticians that have influenced the profession of nursing and the criterions of attention used with patients. â€Å"Caring in nursing conveys physical Acts of the Apostless. but embraces the head organic structure spirit as it reclaims the corporal spirit as its focal point of attending. It suggests a methodological analysis through both art and aesthetics. of being every bit good as knowing and making. It concerns itself with the art of being human. It calls Forth from the practician an reliable presencing of being in the lovingness minute ; transporting an knowing caring-healing consciousness. . . . Nursing becomes a metaphor for the sacred feminine archetypical energy. now critical to the healing needed in modern Western nursing and medical specialty. † ( Watson. 1999. pp. 10-11 ) Mentions Alligood. M. R. ( 2010 ) . Nursing theory: Utilization A ; application ( 4th ed. ) . St. Louis. Moment: Mobsy Elsevier. College of Nursing University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ucdenver. edu/academics/colleges/nursing/caring/humancaring/Pages/TranspersonalCaringandtheCaringMomentDefined. aspx Nursing Theories. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/Watson. hypertext markup language Watson. J. ( 1999 ) . Postmodernist nursing and beyond. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Saunders.